9/16/2023 0 Comments Anatomical phenomena definitionThe essay ends by suggesting that the move towards STEM educational models to the exclusion of humanities may-in the long term-undermine our ability to “out-think” misinformation. Further research and interventions should then focus on identifying what kind of “needs” denialism fulfills, instead of solely trying to patch it with facts.By understanding the dynamics of uncertainty and denial-such as holocaust denial and climate change denial-we can better grasp the anatomy of our “fake news” moment.Rather than looking at past examples of “fake news,” it ponders instead forms of belief and “denial” that refuse to engage with bodies of evidence.It offers a historical and philosophical approach, not with an eye to fixing the prevalence of that which is false, but by exploring why some people may continue to believe what they believe despite what the “facts” might say.This essay seeks both a deeper and a longer-term perspective on the fundamental problem of “misinformation.”.How can educational programs offer effective longer-term strategies for addressing the problem of misinformation?.How does understanding the dynamics of “denial” help illuminate the appeal and so the prevalence of misinformation?.How did the birth of information systems foster the human desire for knowing, believing and feeling reassured?.In the end, the essay suggests that the current trend towards STEM education, to the growing exclusion of the humanities, may be slowly undermining the very analytical skills the public needs to be able to counter the tides of misinformation. While understanding what “needs” falsehoods meet may not provide an immediate solution to the problem of misinformation, it does open a different perspective on the question. While such approaches see the problem of misinformation in terms of a contest between truth and falsehood, history suggests that people believe falsehoods, because they need to for a variety of psychological or socio-cultural reasons. Published by Elsevier Ltd.This essay explores the historical process by which the birth and expansion of information systems transformed the relationship between “faith” and “fact.” The existence of recurring forms of credulity and conversely denial-from holocaust denial to climate change denial-suggests that patterns of belief and disbelief will not be easily resolved either with fact-checking or with the regulation of the press. This comprehensive review will provide in depth understanding of focal atonic seizures, which will aid in general neurological practice and in the presurgical work up of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy manifesting as atonic seizures.Ĭopyright © 2012. Third, we provide an overview of the current pathophysiological concepts surrounding focal atonia based on the clinical manifestation. Second, this paper provides insight into the clinical manifestation and summarizes the cases reported in the literature that meet the criteria of focal atonic seizures. First, we aim to outline the nomenclature and the definitions in use to describe this enigmatic phenomenon. Therefore, knowledge about the clinical manifestation of atonic seizures and pathological and anatomical insight about the generators of atonia are pivotal to form a hypothesis about the seizure onset zone in epilepsies presenting with such seizures. In addition, a large number of patients, who undergo presurgical investigations due to focal pharmacoresistant epilepsy, may present with atonia. Recognition of atonia as a manifestation of focal seizures is crucial in order to not mislabel these events as non-epileptic. Atonic seizures have traditionally been described in patients with generalized epilepsies however, ictal atonia is increasingly recognized as a phenomenon of focal seizures.
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